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Biofidel FEA Modeling of Customized Hybrid Biological Hip Joint Prostheses, Part I: Biomechanical Behavior of Implanted Femur Raffaella Aversa, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella DOI : 10.3844/ajbbsp.2016.270.276 American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Volume 12, Issue 4 Pages 270-276 Abstract Biofidel femur Finite Element Models have been developed using specific combination of Computer Tomography segmentation and solid modeling software tools able to represent bone physiology and structural behavior. These biofidel Finite Element Models (FEM) is used to evaluate the modification of the physiological stress distribution in a prosthesized femur and to assess new design criteria for the development of biomimetic hybrid biological hip prostheses. The faithful models proposed allowed us to properly consider the not isotropic characteristics of the proximal epiphysis of the femur and for the isotropic behavior in diaphysis to explain the critical alterations of the stress distribution in a resected femur following the implantation of a traditional hip joint prostheses. It has been shown that a wide region of the femur diaphysis is completely shielded by the rigid prosthesis significantly altering the physiological stress distribution that should guaranty a healthy bone growth and regeneration. Copyright © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Biofidel FEA Modeling of Customized Hybrid Biological Hip Joint Prostheses, Part I: Biomechanical Behavior of Implanted Femur Raffaella Aversa, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella DOI : 10.3844/ajbbsp.2016.270.276 American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Volume 12, Issue 4 Pages 270-276 Abstract Biofidel femur Finite Element Models have been developed using specific combination of Computer Tomography segmentation and solid modeling software tools able to represent bone physiology and structural behavior. These biofidel Finite Element Models (FEM) is used to evaluate the modification of the physiological stress distribution in a prosthesized femur and to assess new design criteria for the development of biomimetic hybrid biological hip prostheses. The faithful models proposed allowed us to properly consider the not isotropic characteristics of the proximal epiphysis of the femur and for the isotropic behavior in diaphysis to explain the critical alterations of the stress distribution in a resected femur following the implantation of a traditional hip joint prostheses. It has been shown that a wide region of the femur diaphysis is completely shielded by the rigid prosthesis significantly altering the physiological stress distribution that should guaranty a healthy bone growth and regeneration. Copyright © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Raffaella Aversa, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella DOI : 10.3844/ajbbsp.2016.277.285 American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Volume 12, Issue 4 Pages 277-285 Abstract New biomechanical criteria for the design of biomimetic hip joint prostheses are presented. Biofidel Finite Element Models have been used both to correctly analyze femur physiological and structural behavior and to assess a new design criterion for the development of innovative hybrid biological hip prostheses. Proper identification of isostatic lines and isorigidity regions for the sintered metal trabecular lattices distribution between the proximal and distal part of the stem has been carried out. The faithful models enables us to properly take into account not-isotropic properties of the femur proximal end, while clarifying the critical mechanical role of the trabecular bone that should be taken into account to design new innovative prosthetic system. Copyright © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Raffaella Aversa, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella DOI : 10.3844/ajbbsp.2016.277.285 American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Volume 12, Issue 4 Pages 277-285 Abstract New biomechanical criteria for the design of biomimetic hip joint prostheses are presented. Biofidel Finite Element Models have been used both to correctly analyze femur physiological and structural behavior and to assess a new design criterion for the development of innovative hybrid biological hip prostheses. Proper identification of isostatic lines and isorigidity regions for the sintered metal trabecular lattices distribution between the proximal and distal part of the stem has been carried out. The faithful models enables us to properly take into account not-isotropic properties of the femur proximal end, while clarifying the critical mechanical role of the trabecular bone that should be taken into account to design new innovative prosthetic system. Copyright © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, MirMilad Mirsayar and Florian Ion T. Petrescu DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1428.1436 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 12 Pages 1428-1436 Abstract Synthesis of classical planetary mechanisms is usually based on kinematic relations, considering the achieved transmission ratio input-output. The planetary mechanisms are less synthesized based on their mechanical efficiency which is developed during operation, although this criterion is part of the real dynamics of mechanisms and also the most important criterion in terms of performance of a mechanism. Even when the efficiency criterion is considered, the determination of the planetary yield is made only with approximate relationships. The most widely recognized method is one method of Russian school of mechanisms. This paper will determine the method to calculate the mechanical efficiency of a planetary mechanism. The model will resolve one important problem of the dynamics of planetary mechanisms. Copyright © 2016 Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, MirMilad Mirsayar and Florian Ion T. Petrescu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, MirMilad Mirsayar and Florian Ion T. Petrescu DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1428.1436 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 12 Pages 1428-1436 Abstract Synthesis of classical planetary mechanisms is usually based on kinematic relations, considering the achieved transmission ratio input-output. The planetary mechanisms are less synthesized based on their mechanical efficiency which is developed during operation, although this criterion is part of the real dynamics of mechanisms and also the most important criterion in terms of performance of a mechanism. Even when the efficiency criterion is considered, the determination of the planetary yield is made only with approximate relationships. The most widely recognized method is one method of Russian school of mechanisms. This paper will determine the method to calculate the mechanical efficiency of a planetary mechanism. The model will resolve one important problem of the dynamics of planetary mechanisms. Copyright © 2016 Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, MirMilad Mirsayar and Florian Ion T. Petrescu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Raffaella Aversa, Daniela Parcesepe, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Guanying Chen, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Francesco Tamburrino and Antonio Apicella DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1476.1482 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 12 Pages 1476-1482 Abstract Melt rheology in injection molded metastable supercooled liquid metal of Zr44-Ti11-Cu10-Ni10-Be25 alloy may induce selective crystallizations. High mobility Be, Cu and Ni atoms have been observed to differently crystallize in bulk metal glassy supercooled liquids. Here, we analyze the result of morphological microscopic observation conduct on Bulk Metallic Glass (BMG) with composition of a commercial liquid metal alloy (LM001B). The injection molded plate has been supplied by "Liquid Metals Technologies Inc, Ca USA" and manufactured using an Engel injection molding machine operating at 1050-1100°C; the observed sample then has been cut by water jet. FEI Scios Dual-Beam has carried out the microscopic observation. Particularly, through a cross section, we observe the presence of crystalline phases on the short-range order. We investigate the presence of short-range order clusters, their distribution and the effect that they could cause on the alloys' behaviors and properties. Copyright © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Daniela Parcesepe, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Guanying Chen, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Francesco Tamburrino and Antonio Apicella. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Raffaella Aversa, Daniela Parcesepe, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Guanying Chen, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Francesco Tamburrino and Antonio Apicella DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1476.1482 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 12 Pages 1476-1482 Abstract Melt rheology in injection molded metastable supercooled liquid metal of Zr44-Ti11-Cu10-Ni10-Be25 alloy may induce selective crystallizations. High mobility Be, Cu and Ni atoms have been observed to differently crystallize in bulk metal glassy supercooled liquids. Here, we analyze the result of morphological microscopic observation conduct on Bulk Metallic Glass (BMG) with composition of a commercial liquid metal alloy (LM001B). The injection molded plate has been supplied by "Liquid Metals Technologies Inc, Ca USA" and manufactured using an Engel injection molding machine operating at 1050-1100°C; the observed sample then has been cut by water jet. FEI Scios Dual-Beam has carried out the microscopic observation. Particularly, through a cross section, we observe the presence of crystalline phases on the short-range order. We investigate the presence of short-range order clusters, their distribution and the effect that they could cause on the alloys' behaviors and properties. Copyright © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Daniela Parcesepe, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Guanying Chen, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Francesco Tamburrino and Antonio Apicella. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Aversa Raffaella, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Apicella Antonio DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1060.1067 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 11 Pages 1060-1067 Abstract The human femur shows a high capacity to withstand external stresses and it is due to the mass distribution, morphology, and orthotropic behaviors of trabecular and cortical bone. Faithful modeling of the femur accounting for bone distribution and material orthotropic behavior is presented. The use of biofidel model is aimed to develop an "in silico" tool that could enable the valuation of biomechanics modification induced by the alteration of the structural and morphological characteristic in prothesized bones. Moreover, a faithful model assists us in the development of new design criteria for innovative prosthetic systems that, following the isostatic loading lines, could restore the physiological and natural stress and strains distribution. In this study a biofidel femur Finite Element Model (FEM) has been developed from Computerized Tomography (CT) scans using specific combination of software's to correctly represent bone physiology and structural behavior. Proper identification of trabecular bone arrangement and distribution in the proximal diaphysis enabled modeling and definition of material properties. The faithful femur model proposed allows us to correctly account for non-isotropic properties to the proximal end explaining the critical structural role played by trabecular bone that should be taken into account in the design of new innovative prosthetic system. Copyright © 2016 Aversa Raffaella, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Apicella Antonio. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Aversa Raffaella, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Apicella Antonio DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1060.1067 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 11 Pages 1060-1067 Abstract The human femur shows a high capacity to withstand external stresses and it is due to the mass distribution, morphology, and orthotropic behaviors of trabecular and cortical bone. Faithful modeling of the femur accounting for bone distribution and material orthotropic behavior is presented. The use of biofidel model is aimed to develop an "in silico" tool that could enable the valuation of biomechanics modification induced by the alteration of the structural and morphological characteristic in prothesized bones. Moreover, a faithful model assists us in the development of new design criteria for innovative prosthetic systems that, following the isostatic loading lines, could restore the physiological and natural stress and strains distribution. In this study a biofidel femur Finite Element Model (FEM) has been developed from Computerized Tomography (CT) scans using specific combination of software's to correctly represent bone physiology and structural behavior. Proper identification of trabecular bone arrangement and distribution in the proximal diaphysis enabled modeling and definition of material properties. The faithful femur model proposed allows us to correctly account for non-isotropic properties to the proximal end explaining the critical structural role played by trabecular bone that should be taken into account in the design of new innovative prosthetic system. Copyright © 2016 Aversa Raffaella, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu and Apicella Antonio. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Antonio Apicella, Aversa Raffaella, Relly Victoria Petrescu, John Kaiser Calautit, MirMilad Mirsayar and Aniello Riccio DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1085.1090 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 11 Pages 1085-1090 Abstract In this study, the relations to determining mass moments of inertia (mechanical) for different mass and mechanical inertia corresponding to geometric shapes, objects and profiles are explored. The formulas for calculating the mass moments of inertia (mechanical) for various bodies (various geometrical forms), to certain major axis indicated (as the axis of calculation) are presented. The total mass M of the body is used to determine the mass moment of inertia (mechanical). In the first part of the paper, an original method for determining the mass moment of inertia (mechanical) of the flywheel is presented. Mass moment of inertia (the whole mechanism) reduced at the crank (reduced to the element leader) consists in a constant mass inertia moment and one variable, to which we may include an additional mass moment of inertia flywheel, which aims to reduce the degree of unevenness of the mechanism and the default machine. The more the mass moment of inertia of the flywheel is increased the more the unevenness decreased and dynamic functioning of the mechanism is improved. Engineering optimization of these values can be realized through new relationships presented on the second paragraph of the article. Determining of the mass moment of inertia of the flywheel with the new method proposed is also based on the total kinetic energy conservation. Copyright © 2016 Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Antonio Apicella, Aversa Raffaella, Relly Victoria Petrescu, John Kaiser Calautit, MirMilad Mirsayar and Aniello Riccio. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Antonio Apicella, Aversa Raffaella, Relly Victoria Petrescu, John Kaiser Calautit, MirMilad Mirsayar and Aniello Riccio DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1085.1090 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 11 Pages 1085-1090 Abstract In this study, the relations to determining mass moments of inertia (mechanical) for different mass and mechanical inertia corresponding to geometric shapes, objects and profiles are explored. The formulas for calculating the mass moments of inertia (mechanical) for various bodies (various geometrical forms), to certain major axis indicated (as the axis of calculation) are presented. The total mass M of the body is used to determine the mass moment of inertia (mechanical). In the first part of the paper, an original method for determining the mass moment of inertia (mechanical) of the flywheel is presented. Mass moment of inertia (the whole mechanism) reduced at the crank (reduced to the element leader) consists in a constant mass inertia moment and one variable, to which we may include an additional mass moment of inertia flywheel, which aims to reduce the degree of unevenness of the mechanism and the default machine. The more the mass moment of inertia of the flywheel is increased the more the unevenness decreased and dynamic functioning of the mechanism is improved. Engineering optimization of these values can be realized through new relationships presented on the second paragraph of the article. Determining of the mass moment of inertia of the flywheel with the new method proposed is also based on the total kinetic energy conservation. Copyright © 2016 Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Antonio Apicella, Aversa Raffaella, Relly Victoria Petrescu, John Kaiser Calautit, MirMilad Mirsayar and Aniello Riccio. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Raffaella Aversa, Francesco Tamburrino, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Mateus Artur, Guanying Chen and Antonio Apicella DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1264.1271 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 11 Pages 1264-1271 Abstract The research shows a bioinspired approach to be adopted to design of systems based on Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), a class of Smart Materials that has in common with muscles the capability to react to an impulse (thermal for SMAs) with a contraction. The biomechanically inspired machine that is discussed in the paper refers to the antagonistic muscles pairs, which belongs to the Skeletal Muscles and are normally arranged in opposition so that as one group of muscles contract another group relaxes or lengthens. The study proposes a model, a solution not only to design a specific application, but also to provide an approach to be used for a wide range of adaptive applications (switchable windows, smart shadow systems, parking and urban shelters, etc.), where the shape changes in response to different external stimuli. The use of antagonist pairs mechanism provides a solution for better optimized systems based on SMAs where the main and proven advantages are: Easier and faster change of shape, lower need of energy for system operation, lower cost for SMA training and no problem of overheating. Copyright © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Francesco Tamburrino, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Mateus Artur, Guanying Chen and Antonio Apicella. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Raffaella Aversa, Francesco Tamburrino, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Mateus Artur, Guanying Chen and Antonio Apicella DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1264.1271 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 11 Pages 1264-1271 Abstract The research shows a bioinspired approach to be adopted to design of systems based on Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), a class of Smart Materials that has in common with muscles the capability to react to an impulse (thermal for SMAs) with a contraction. The biomechanically inspired machine that is discussed in the paper refers to the antagonistic muscles pairs, which belongs to the Skeletal Muscles and are normally arranged in opposition so that as one group of muscles contract another group relaxes or lengthens. The study proposes a model, a solution not only to design a specific application, but also to provide an approach to be used for a wide range of adaptive applications (switchable windows, smart shadow systems, parking and urban shelters, etc.), where the shape changes in response to different external stimuli. The use of antagonist pairs mechanism provides a solution for better optimized systems based on SMAs where the main and proven advantages are: Easier and faster change of shape, lower need of energy for system operation, lower cost for SMA training and no problem of overheating. Copyright © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Francesco Tamburrino, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Mateus Artur, Guanying Chen and Antonio Apicella. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, Shuhui Li, Guanying Chen, MirMilad Mirsayar and Florian Ion T. Petrescu DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1272.1276 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 11 Pages 1272-1276 Abstract In this study will be exposed the theoretical principles necessary for the determination of the exact size of an electron in motion, depending on its speed of travel. Equations, aimed to accurately determines the radius R of the electron in motion, relating the electron moving speed v and its rest mass m0 are discussed. Mechanical moment of inertia of a sphere around of one of its diameters shall be determined by the relationship relating the total kinetic energy of one electron in motion, as a sum of the two components (translational and rotational). Using the theory of Louis de Broglie, which shows the conservation of the pulse, the wavelength (particle associated) has been calculated. Wave frequency (associated with the electron in motion) has been determined and moving electron kinetic energy has been estimated by subtracting the total electron rest energy from total electron energy in movement. Copyright © 2016 Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, Shuhui Li, Guanying Chen, MirMilad Mirsayar and Florian Ion T. Petrescu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, Shuhui Li, Guanying Chen, MirMilad Mirsayar and Florian Ion T. Petrescu DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1272.1276 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 11 Pages 1272-1276 Abstract In this study will be exposed the theoretical principles necessary for the determination of the exact size of an electron in motion, depending on its speed of travel. Equations, aimed to accurately determines the radius R of the electron in motion, relating the electron moving speed v and its rest mass m0 are discussed. Mechanical moment of inertia of a sphere around of one of its diameters shall be determined by the relationship relating the total kinetic energy of one electron in motion, as a sum of the two components (translational and rotational). Using the theory of Louis de Broglie, which shows the conservation of the pulse, the wavelength (particle associated) has been calculated. Wave frequency (associated with the electron in motion) has been determined and moving electron kinetic energy has been estimated by subtracting the total electron rest energy from total electron energy in movement. Copyright © 2016 Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, Shuhui Li, Guanying Chen, MirMilad Mirsayar and Florian Ion T. Petrescu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Raffaella Aversa, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Florian Ion T. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1330.1341 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 11 Pages 1330-1341 Abstract Process optimization strategies and intelligent control algorithms for an industrial centrifugal pipe production are presented. The chemo-rheological and thermo-kinetic features of the polymerization of unsaturated polyester based composites are analyzed by means of a mathematical model that uses the heat transfer and generation properties of polymerizable systems. The evolution of the system temperature, viscosity and degree of cure profiles in a composite centrifuged pipe wall have been identified and mathematically described. The temperature profiles were calculated according to an appropriate kinetic and heat transfer modeling and then the corresponding viscosity profiles were evaluated. The viscosity and kinetic parameters to use in the model were measured in calorimetric and rheological tests. A commercial polyester system, which is used for centrifugal forming, has been catalyzed with two different types of peroxide (Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone and Acetyl-Acetone peroxides) and characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and adiabatic peak temperature measurements (gel time tests). The problem of incomplete cure in sections of the pipe wall has been discussed with respect to the processing conditions and creep behavior. Experimentally verification of thermal theoretical modeling and creep tests have been carried out on a system catalyzed with AA peroxide and processed in two different ways. The thermo-kinetic process modeling and control adequately predicts the thermal behavior at the internal surface of pipes that has been used to optimize by simulation of two different centrifugal pipe processing thermal cycles. Copyright © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Florian Ion T. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Raffaella Aversa, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Florian Ion T. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1330.1341 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 11 Pages 1330-1341 Abstract Process optimization strategies and intelligent control algorithms for an industrial centrifugal pipe production are presented. The chemo-rheological and thermo-kinetic features of the polymerization of unsaturated polyester based composites are analyzed by means of a mathematical model that uses the heat transfer and generation properties of polymerizable systems. The evolution of the system temperature, viscosity and degree of cure profiles in a composite centrifuged pipe wall have been identified and mathematically described. The temperature profiles were calculated according to an appropriate kinetic and heat transfer modeling and then the corresponding viscosity profiles were evaluated. The viscosity and kinetic parameters to use in the model were measured in calorimetric and rheological tests. A commercial polyester system, which is used for centrifugal forming, has been catalyzed with two different types of peroxide (Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone and Acetyl-Acetone peroxides) and characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and adiabatic peak temperature measurements (gel time tests). The problem of incomplete cure in sections of the pipe wall has been discussed with respect to the processing conditions and creep behavior. Experimentally verification of thermal theoretical modeling and creep tests have been carried out on a system catalyzed with AA peroxide and processed in two different ways. The thermo-kinetic process modeling and control adequately predicts the thermal behavior at the internal surface of pipes that has been used to optimize by simulation of two different centrifugal pipe processing thermal cycles. Copyright © 2016 Raffaella Aversa, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Florian Ion T. Petrescu and Antonio Apicella. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, Filippo Berto, Shuhui Li and Florian Ion T. Petrescu DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1027.1032 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 10 Pages 1027-1032 Abstract A systemic approach, comprising all research and development activities that support the expansion of eco-efficient industrial and social systems fulfilling market and social-cultural constrains, is required to accomplish the challenge for competitiveness and sustainability along with an increasingly dynamic and complex global scientific, industrial and cultural scenarios. Ecosphere protection through the implementation of green energy is becoming a daily technological reality. Especially in recent years, various sources of green energy have been introduced in our Technosphere and Valuesphere. The process, which has began with difficulty but finally resulted in the acceleration and implementation of new green energy technologies, is still impaired by major emerging limitations. The most worldwide experienced difficult obstacle was the unpredictable and fluctuating green energy production. This study proposes some solutions designed to solve this unpleasant aspect of inconstant production of green energy. The basic idea refers to the construction of specially designed hydroelectric plant that represents a true energy buffer. A hydroelectric old (adequately equipped) or a new one built according to this principle, can become a true buffer energetic, able to take energy generated by the turbines at full capacity (energy otherwise lost by unable to be stored or taken over by the national network) and a national system restore when green energy sources produce shorten. Copyright © 2016 Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, Filippo Berto, Shuhui Li and Florian Ion T. Petrescu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, Filippo Berto, Shuhui Li and Florian Ion T. Petrescu DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1027.1032 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 10 Pages 1027-1032 Abstract A systemic approach, comprising all research and development activities that support the expansion of eco-efficient industrial and social systems fulfilling market and social-cultural constrains, is required to accomplish the challenge for competitiveness and sustainability along with an increasingly dynamic and complex global scientific, industrial and cultural scenarios. Ecosphere protection through the implementation of green energy is becoming a daily technological reality. Especially in recent years, various sources of green energy have been introduced in our Technosphere and Valuesphere. The process, which has began with difficulty but finally resulted in the acceleration and implementation of new green energy technologies, is still impaired by major emerging limitations. The most worldwide experienced difficult obstacle was the unpredictable and fluctuating green energy production. This study proposes some solutions designed to solve this unpleasant aspect of inconstant production of green energy. The basic idea refers to the construction of specially designed hydroelectric plant that represents a true energy buffer. A hydroelectric old (adequately equipped) or a new one built according to this principle, can become a true buffer energetic, able to take energy generated by the turbines at full capacity (energy otherwise lost by unable to be stored or taken over by the national network) and a national system restore when green energy sources produce shorten. Copyright © 2016 Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, Filippo Berto, Shuhui Li and Florian Ion T. Petrescu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Antonio Apicella, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Samuel P. Kozaitis, Ronald B. Bucinell, Raffaella Aversa and Taher M. Abu-Lebdeh DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.941.946 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 9 Pages 941-946 Abstract Environmental protection through implementation of green energies is progressively becoming a daily reality. Numerous sources of green energy were introduced in recent years. Although this process initially started with difficulties, it finally resulted in an acceleration and implementation of new green energy technologies. Nonetheless, new major obstacles are emerging. The most worldwide difficult obstacle encountered, especially for wind and photovoltaic electric power plants, is the not regular and predictable green energy production. This study proposes solutions designed to solve this unpleasant aspect of irregular production of green energy. The basic idea refers to the construction of specially designed nuclear power plants acting as energy buffers. Nuclear power plants, indeed, may behave as proper energy buffers able to work to a minimum capacity when the green energy (i.e., wind power or PV) is steadily produced (namely, when the energy generated by the turbines or PV panels is at full constant capacity) but that can also run at progressively increased capacities when the wind or solar energy production reduces or stops. The work get two major contributions: 1-propose to the achievement of an energy buffer using nuclear power plants (for the moment on nuclear fission); 2-shows some theoretical aspects important needed to carry out the reaction of the fusion. Copyright © 2016 Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Antonio Apicella, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Samuel P. Kozaitis, Ronald B. Bucinell, Raffaella Aversa and Taher M. Abu-Lebdeh. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Antonio Apicella, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Samuel P. Kozaitis, Ronald B. Bucinell, Raffaella Aversa and Taher M. Abu-Lebdeh DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.941.946 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 9 Pages 941-946 Abstract Environmental protection through implementation of green energies is progressively becoming a daily reality. Numerous sources of green energy were introduced in recent years. Although this process initially started with difficulties, it finally resulted in an acceleration and implementation of new green energy technologies. Nonetheless, new major obstacles are emerging. The most worldwide difficult obstacle encountered, especially for wind and photovoltaic electric power plants, is the not regular and predictable green energy production. This study proposes solutions designed to solve this unpleasant aspect of irregular production of green energy. The basic idea refers to the construction of specially designed nuclear power plants acting as energy buffers. Nuclear power plants, indeed, may behave as proper energy buffers able to work to a minimum capacity when the green energy (i.e., wind power or PV) is steadily produced (namely, when the energy generated by the turbines or PV panels is at full constant capacity) but that can also run at progressively increased capacities when the wind or solar energy production reduces or stops. The work get two major contributions: 1-propose to the achievement of an energy buffer using nuclear power plants (for the moment on nuclear fission); 2-shows some theoretical aspects important needed to carry out the reaction of the fusion. Copyright © 2016 Florian Ion T. Petrescu, Antonio Apicella, Relly Victoria V. Petrescu, Samuel P. Kozaitis, Ronald B. Bucinell, Raffaella Aversa and Taher M. Abu-Lebdeh. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Florian Ion T. Petrescu and John Kaiser Calautit DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.261.266 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 3 Pages 261-266 Abstract Hot fusion is currently a difficult goal to accomplish due to the high temperatures required, which are difficult to achieve and also to be maintained. For these reason, it is much easier to try to achieve cold fusion, or a combined method. In this paper, the author will briefly present some original relationships for setting up a theoretical model for cold fusion. It will be determined the radius of a moving elementary particle and will be calculated the potential energy of the two adjacent particles. In addition, the necessary speed of the accelerated particles when they will collide to start cold fusion will be determined. The radius of an electron or a nucleus at rest is close to nano sizes. Because of this, static, the fusion working with nanoparticles. It was evaluated that dynamic nanoparticles dimensions are much smaller than when they are at rest. Copyright © 2016 Florian Ion T. Petrescu and John Kaiser Calautit. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Florian Ion T. Petrescu and John Kaiser Calautit DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.261.266 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 3 Pages 261-266 Abstract Hot fusion is currently a difficult goal to accomplish due to the high temperatures required, which are difficult to achieve and also to be maintained. For these reason, it is much easier to try to achieve cold fusion, or a combined method. In this paper, the author will briefly present some original relationships for setting up a theoretical model for cold fusion. It will be determined the radius of a moving elementary particle and will be calculated the potential energy of the two adjacent particles. In addition, the necessary speed of the accelerated particles when they will collide to start cold fusion will be determined. The radius of an electron or a nucleus at rest is close to nano sizes. Because of this, static, the fusion working with nanoparticles. It was evaluated that dynamic nanoparticles dimensions are much smaller than when they are at rest. Copyright © 2016 Florian Ion T. Petrescu and John Kaiser Calautit. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Florian Ion T. Petrescu and John Kaiser Calautit DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.321.325 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 3 Pages 321-325 Abstract Light is one of the most fascinating something of all the time. This paper aims to develop a tool with which one can determine with great accuracy the dimensions of light. Basically was entered a new relationship through which one may determine the size of a photon depending on the wavelength of light. Instead wavelength of light can be used as variable the speed of light and its frequency. One could determine this new expressions using and the known equations: the total energy of a moving particle and the total energy of a photon, as Einstein bequeathed them to us. It has also been used (for calculating the new relationship) and the kinetic energy of the photon. The new expressions introduced by this paper may be useful in many applications related to light, lasers, etc. This paper is a check point for new ?start points?. Copyright © 2016 Florian Ion T. Petrescu and John Kaiser Calautit. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Florian Ion T. Petrescu and John Kaiser Calautit DOI : 10.3844/ajassp.2016.321.325 American Journal of Applied Sciences Volume 13, Issue 3 Pages 321-325 Abstract Light is one of the most fascinating something of all the time. This paper aims to develop a tool with which one can determine with great accuracy the dimensions of light. Basically was entered a new relationship through which one may determine the size of a photon depending on the wavelength of light. Instead wavelength of light can be used as variable the speed of light and its frequency. One could determine this new expressions using and the known equations: the total energy of a moving particle and the total energy of a photon, as Einstein bequeathed them to us. It has also been used (for calculating the new relationship) and the kinetic energy of the photon. The new expressions introduced by this paper may be useful in many applications related to light, lasers, etc. This paper is a check point for new ?start points?. Copyright © 2016 Florian Ion T. Petrescu and John Kaiser Calautit. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.